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This regulation introduced “fraudulent or deceptive practices” as a new key element in official controls that must be taken into account by the competent authorities and integrated into the risk-based approach for the determination of the frequency of controls.Īlthough the majority of food fraud incidents do not pose a health risk to the consumer, some cases can cause serious harm to human health, e.g., when expensive fish species are substituted by species associated with certain types of food poisoning or allergens. 882/2004, which lays down rules for the performance of official food controls within the EU, has recently been replaced by regulation 2017/625. However, in recent years, it has become more visible because of an increase of global commodity trade. Food fraud has been practiced in almost every period of human history. The labeling of high-value products is of particular interest, as such products may become targets of fraudulent activities.
#Mestrenova unknown format of file fid verification
The approach of using spectroscopic techniques in combination with multivariate statistics can be regarded as a promising tool for the authentication of cod liver oil and may pave the way for a holistic quality assessment of fish oils.įood authentication is the verification that a food complies with its labeled information such as origin, production method, and composition.
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In comparison, the ANN model based on fatty acid profiles determined by gas chromatography achieved a detection limit of 0.81% and an RMSEP of 1.1%.
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ANN models using 1H NMR and 13C NMR data yielded detection limits of 3.0% and 1.8% and RMSEPs of 2.7% and 1.1%, respectively. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were able to differentiate adulteration levels based on infrared spectra with a detection limit of 0.22% and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.86%. In this study, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography (coupled to a flame ionization detector) were used in combination with multivariate statistics to determine cod liver oil adulteration with common vegetable oils (sunflower and canola oils). Due to its high market price, cod liver oil is vulnerable to adulteration with lower priced vegetable oils. Cod liver oil is a popular dietary supplement marketed as a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids as well as vitamins A and D.